to defame

* * *

dē-nī̆gro, āre, v. a., to blacken utterly, dye or color very black (very rare; in the Ciceron. per. not at all).

Lit.:

terram (amurca),

Varr. R. R. 1, 55 fin.:

lanam,

Plin. 33, 6, 35, § 109:

capillum,

id. 23, 5, 53, § 99:

faciem super carbones,

Vulg. Thren. 4, 8.—

Trop.: honorem famamque alicujus, to blacken, i. e. to asperse, defame, Firm. 5, 10 fin.

dif-fāmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [fama], to spread abroad by an ill report; to publish, divulge.

Prop. (rare and not anteAug.):

vulgat adulterium diffamatumque parenti Indicat,

Ov. M. 4, 236; cf.

prava,

Tac. A. 14, 22:

nomen pessimum super virginem,

Vulg. Deut. 22, 19.—

To decry, defame, malign:

viros feminasque procacibus scriptis,

Tac. A. 1, 72; cf.:

aliquem probroso carmine,

id. ib. 15, 49: aliquem probris, Ap. M. 1, p. 107; Vulg. Matt. 9, 31.— With acc. and inf.: diffamat, incendio repentino domum suam possideri, Ap. M. 4, p. 147.—

To declare, make known, proclaim widely (late Lat.):

Deus diffamatur,

Aug. de Morib. Eccl. 14:

sermonem,

Vulg. Marc. 1, 45.

dif-fĕro, distŭli, dīlātum, differre ( inf. differrier, Lucr. 1, 1088. In tmesi:

disque tulissent,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 14), v. a. and n.

Act., to carry different ways; to spread abroad, scatter, disperse, separate (cf.: reicere, proferre, procrastinare, producere, ampliare, prorogare—class.).

Lit.:

scintillas agere ac late differre favillam,

Lucr. 2, 675; cf.:

favillam longe (ventus),

id. 6, 692:

nubila (vis venti),

id. 1, 273; Verg. G. 3, 197:

ignem (ventus),

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 2:

casae venti magnitudine ignem distulerunt,

id. B. G. 5, 43, 2:

majorem partem classis (vis Africi),

Vell. 2, 79, 2:

rudentes fractosque remos (Eurus),

Hor. Epod. 10, 6 et saep.; cf. Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 14:

nos cum scapha tempestas dextrovorsum Differt ab illis,

id. Rud. 2, 3, 39; cf. Lucr. 1, 1088: cytisum, to plant apart, in separate rows = disserere, digerere, Varr. R. R. 1, 43; Col. 11, 3, 30 sq.; 38; 42 al.; cf.:

ulmos in versum,

Verg. G. 4, 144:

ut formicae frustillatim (te) differant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 20; cf.:

insepulta membra (lupi),

Hor. Epod. 5, 99; and:

Mettum in diversa (quadrigae),

Verg. A. 8, 643. —

Trop.

To distract, disquiet, disturb a person (only ante-class.): vorsor in amoris rota miser, Exanimor, feror, differor, distrahor, diripior, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 5:

differor clamore,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 15:

cupidine ejus,

id. Poen. 1, 1, 28; cf.:

amore istius,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 27:

laetitia,

id. Truc. 4, 1, 3:

doloribus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 40.—Less freq. act.:

aliquem dictis,

to confound, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 125; cf. Ter. And. 2, 4, 5 Ruhnk.—

To spread abroad, publish, divulge; with a personal object, to cry down, to defame (mostly anteclass. and post-Aug.; not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.).

With acc. rei: cum de me ista foris sermonibus differs, Lucil. ap. Non. 284, 16; cf.:

rumores famam differant licebit nosque carpant,

Varr. ib. 18:

commissam libertatem populo Rom. sermonibus,

Liv. 34, 49:

promissum jus anulorum fama distulit,

Suet. Caes. 33.—With acc. and inf.:

ne mi hanc famam differant, Me dedidisse, etc.,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 63; Ter. Heaut. prol. 16; Nep. Dion. 10; Val. Fl. 1, 753.—With quasi and dependent clause:

rumore ab obtrectatoribus dilato, quasi eundem mox et discruciatum necasset,

Suet. Aug. 14 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

quo pertinuit differri etiam per externos, tamquam veneno interceptus esset,

Tac. A. 3, 12; cf. id. ib. 4, 25.—

With acc. pers.:

aliquem pipulo,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 32 (cf. Varr. L. L. 7, § 103 Müll., and see pipulum): aliquem maledicendo sermonibus, Lucil. ap. Non. 284, 24:

dominos variis rumoribus,

Tac. A. 1, 4:

te circum omnes alias puellas,

to bring into disrepute with them, Prop. 1, 4, 22.—In the pass.: differor sermone miser, Caecil. ap. Gell. 2, 93, 10:

alterna differor invidia,

Prop. 1, 16, 48.—

With reference to time, to defer, put off, protract, delay any thing; with a personal object also to put off, amuse with promises, get rid of (class. and very freq.).

With acc. rei:

cetera praesenti sermoni reserventur: hoc tamen non queo differre, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 8:

differre quotidie ac procrastinare rem,

id. Rosc. Am. 9 fin.:

saepe vadimonia,

id. Quint. 5 fin.:

iter in praesentia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 85, 4:

pleraque (with omittere in praesens tempus),

Hor. A. P. 44:

distulit ira sitim,

Ov. M. 6, 366 et saep.:

differri jam hora non potest,

Cic. Phil. 6, 7, 19:

tempus,

id. ib. 8, 8; id. Prov. Cons. 11 fin.; Liv. 3, 46; Ov. M. 1, 724 al.:

diem de die,

Liv. 25, 25 et saep.—With inf.:

quaerere distuli,

Hor. Od. 4, 4, 21; so Liv. 42, 2 (but not Suet. Caes. 81, where agere belongs to proposuerat, cf. id. Aug. 72; id. Calig. 49).—With quin:

nihil dilaturi, quin periculum summae rerum facerent,

Liv. 6, 22 fin.; so Suet. Caes. 4; with in and acc.:

reliqua in crastinum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 44 fin.:

in posterum diem,

id. Deiot. 7, 21; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 65 fin.:

in posterum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 32; Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 5:

in aliud tempus,

Cic. Brut. 87; Caes. B. C. 1, 86, 2:

in adventum tuum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3 fin.:

diem edicti in a. d. IV. Kal. Dec.,

id. Phil. 3, 8, 20:

curandi tempus in annum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 39 et saep. — Poet.:

tropaea in pueros suos,

to reserve for, Prop. 4, 6, 82.—Rarely with ad:

aliquid ad crudelitatis tempus,

Cic. Vat. 11 fin.; cf. the foll.—

With acc. pers.:

sin autem differs me in tempus aliud,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 10; Liv. 26, 51; 41, 8:

differri non posse adeo concitatos animos,

id. 7, 14:

dilatus per frustrationem,

id. 25, 25; cf.:

aliquem variis frustrationibus,

Just. 9, 6 fin.:

Campanos,

Liv. 26, 33:

aliquem petentem,

Suet. Vesp. 23 Ern.:

caros amicos (opp. properare),

Mart. 13, 55 et saep.— Poet.: vivacem anum, to preserve alive, i. e. to postpone her death, Ov. M. 13, 519; cf.:

decimum dilatus in annum (belli) Hector erat,

id. ib. 12, 76:

aliquem in spem impetrandi tandem honoris,

Liv. 39, 32:

aliquem in septimum diem,

Suet. Tib. 32; id. Caes. 82 Oud.; id. Aug. 44 fin. et saep.— Rarely with ad:

legati ad novos magistratus dilati,

Liv. 41, 8:

aliquem ad finem muneris,

Suet. Vit. 12:

quas (legationes) par tim dato responso ex itinere dimisit, partim distulit Tarraconem,

Liv. 26, 51.—Once with post:

aliquid post bellum differre,

Liv. 4, 6, 4.—

Absol. Prov.: differ;

habent parvae commoda magna morae,

Ov. F. 3, 394.

Neut., to differ, be different (esp. freq. since the Ciceron. period—cf.:

discrepare, distare, interesse): qui re consentientes vocabulis differebant,

Cic. Fin. 4, 2 fin.; cf.:

naturis differunt, voluntate autem similes sunt,

id. de Or. 2, 23: verbo [p. 575] differre, re esse unum, id. Caecin. 21, 59:

distare aliquid aut ex aliqua parte differre,

id. ib. 14:

nihil aut non fere multum differre,

id. Brut. 40 fin.:

paulum differre,

id. Agr. 2, 31, 85 et saep.:

nec quicquam differre, utrumne... an, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 251; cf.:

quid enim differt, barathrone Dones quicquid habes, an? etc.,

id. ib. 166.—

With ab:

ita ut pauxillum differat a cavillulis,

Plaut. Truc. 3, 2, 18:

quidnam esset illud, quo ipsi (poëtae) differrent ab oratoribus,

Cic. Or. 19, 66; id. Off. 1, 27 fin.:

quid hoc ab illo differt?

id. Caecin. 14:

non multum ab hostili expugnatione,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 5 fin.:

multum a Gallica consuetudine,

Caes. B. G. 5, 14; cf. ib. 6, 21; 6, 28, 5:

hoc fere ab reliquis differunt, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 6, 18, 3 et saep.—

With inter (esp. impers.):

si nihil inter deum et deum differt,

Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 80; id. Off. 1, 28, 99; id. Fin. 4, 25, 70:

nequid inter privatum et magistratum differat,

id. Rep. 1, 43:

ut non multum differat inter summos et mediocres viros,

id. Off. 2, 8, 30: multa sunt alia, quae inter locum et locum plurimum differunt (for which, shortly before, inter locorum naturas quantum intersit), id. Fat. 4:

haec cogitatione inter se differunt, re quidem copulata sunt,

id. Tusc. 4, 11: inter se aliqua re, id. Opt. gen. 2, 6; id. N. D. 1, 7, 16; Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 2; 6, 11, 1; Quint. 12, 10, 22; 34; 67 et saep.:

quae quidem inter se plurimum differunt,

id. 5, 14, 27.—

Rarely with cum:

occasio cum tempore hoc differt,

Cic. Inv. 1, 27:

hoc genus causae cum superiore hoc differt, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 30, 92 Orell. N. cr. —

Likewise rarely, differre in aliqua re, Lucr. 3, 314; Nep. Ages. 7 fin. —

Rarely, and only poet. or in post-Aug. prose, with dat.:

quod pede certo Differt sermoni sermo merus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 48:

tragico differre colori,

id. A. P. 236; Quint. 2, 21, 10; Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107; cf. id. 9, 8, 7, § 23.—Hence, diffĕ-rens, entis, P. a., different, superior:

differentius nomen,

a more excellent name, Vulg. Heb. 1, 4; in Quintilian subst. n. (opp. proprium), a difference, Quint. 5, 10, 55; 58; 6, 3, 66; 7, 3, 3; 25 sq.—

* Adv.: diffĕren-ter, differently, Sol. 1.

in-fāmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [infamis], to bring into ill repute, to brand with infamy, to disgrace, dishonor, defame (rare but class.).

Lit.:

ut tua moderatio et gravitas aliorum infamet injuriam,

Cic. Fam. 9, 12: Juppiter infamat seque suamque domum, Prop. 3, 11, 28 (4, 10, 28 M.):

hunc infamatum,

branded, Nep. Alc. 11:

infamata dea,

ill-famed, ill-renowned, Ov. M. 14, 446:

Acheloön,

Stat. Th. 7, 416:

suspecti testes, quos vitae humilitas infamaverit,

Paul. Sent. 5, 15, 1.—

Transf., to blame, accuse, charge (post-Aug.):

aliquem temeritatis,

Sen. Ep. 22:

infamandae rei causa,

Liv. 40, 7, 8:

fidem,

Quint. 10, 1, 74.

ob-lĭno, lēvi, rarely lĭni (Varr. ap. Prisc. p. 898 P.), lĭtum, 3 (form acc. to the 4th conj. oblinio, q. v.), v. a., to daub or smear over, to bedaub, besmear (syn.: inficio, induco).

Lit.

In gen.:

cerussā malas oblinere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 101:

se visco,

Varr. R. R. 3, 7:

obliti unguentis,

Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 10:

oblitus caeno,

id. Att. 1, 21:

oblitus faciem suo cruore,

having besmeared his face with his own blood, Tac. A. 2, 17:

caede,

Ov. M. 4, 97:

sanguine,

id. ib. 11, 367.—

In partic.

To smear over, blot out, rub out any thing written (post-class.; cf.:

deleo, interpolo, oblittero): vestrum obleverunt et vestri superscripserunt,

Gell. 20, 6, 4.— Trop.:

veritatem oblinire,

to blot out, Ambros. de Spic. Savet. 3, 10, 60.—

To bemire, befoul, defile (syn.: polluo, inquino, maculo): quid tu istuc curas, ubi ego oblinar atque voluter? Lucil. ap. Non. 420, 22:

catulos,

Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 13:

aliquem caeno,

Dig. 47, 11, 1, § 1; cf. also II. A.—

To stop up by smearing, to plaster over (syn. obturo):

dolia oblinito,

Cato, R. R. 36:

amphoram,

id. ib. 127:

oblinitur minimae si qua est suspicio rimae,

is stopped up, Mart. 11, 45, 5:

gypso oblitus cadus,

Plin. 20, 9, 39, § 98.—

Transf., to cover over, fill with any thing (of things;

very rare): villa oblita tabulis pictis,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 5.—

Trop.

To befoui, defile (class.): se externis moribus. Cic. Brut. 13, 51:

oblitus parricidio,

id. Phil. 11, 12, 27:

sunt omnia dedecore oblita,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 8:

geram morem vobis et me oblinam sciens,

id. Rep. 3, 5, 8:

aliquem versibus atris,

to defame, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 30.—

To cover over, to fill with any thing; to fill to excess, to overload: facetiae oblitae Latio. Roman wit which had received a Latin tincture (through the right of citizenship granted to the Latins), Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 2:

divitiis oblitus actor,

covered, decked, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 204:

oblita oratio,

overloaded, Auct. Her. 4, 11, 16:

Sallustii scripta nimiā priscorum verborum affectatione oblita,

Suet. Gram. 10.—

To cover over, blind, deceive:

sicine mihi esse os oblitum,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 33.

prō-scindo, scĭdi, scissum, 3, v. a., to tear open in front, to rend, split, cleave, cut up, cut in pieces ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Lit.

In gen.:

ferro proscindere quercum,

Luc. 3, 434:

piscem,

App. Mag. p. 300, 18 and 20:

spumanti Rhodanus proscindens gurgite campos,

Sil. 3, 449:

vulnere pectus,

Stat. Th. 10, 439:

fulgure terram,

Just. 44, 3, 6.—

In partic., in agriculture, of the first ploughing, to break up the land: rursum terram cum primum arant, proscindere appellant; cum iterum, offringere dicunt, quod primā aratione glebae grandes solent excitari. Varr. R. R. 1, 29, 2; 1, 27, 2:

terram transversis adversisque sulcis,

Col. 3, 13, 4: priusquam ares, proscindito, Cato ap. Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 176: bubulcum autem per proscissum ingredi oportet, the trench, furrow, Col. 2, 2, 25; 3, 13, 4; 11, 2, 32.— Poet., in gen., for arare, to plough: rorulentas terras, Att. ap. Non. p. 395, 22 (Trag. Rel. v. 496 Rib.):

validis terram proscinde juvencis,

Verg. G. 2, 237:

terram pressis aratris,

Lucr. 5, 209:

ferro campum,

Ov. M. 7, 119.—

Transf., to cut through, to cleave, furrow ( poet.): rostro ventosum aequor. Cat. 64, 12:

remo stagna,

Sil. 8, 603.—

Trop., to cut up with words, to censure, satirize, revile, defame:

aliquem,

Ov. P. 4, 16, 47:

equestrem ordinem,

Suet. Calig. 30:

aliquem foedissimo convicio,

id. Aug. 13:

carminibus proscissus,

Plin. 36, 6, 7, § 48: aliquem famoso carmine, Suet. Vit. Luc.; Val. Max. 5, 3, 3; 8, 5, 2.

pulso, āvi, ātum ( inf. parag. pulsarier, Lucr. 4, 931), 1, v. freq. a. [id.], to push, strike, beat (cf.: tundo, ferio, pello).

Lit.:

cum pulsetur agiteturque incursione atomorum sempiternā,

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 114:

semine in pila pulsato,

Plin. 19, 8, 45, § 158:

lictores ad pulsandos verberandosque homines exercitatissimi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142; cf.:

pulsari alios et verberari,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26, §

66: pulsatus parens,

Verg. A. 6, 609:

legatos pulsasse dicebantur,

Liv. 38, 42; Tac. H. 4, 45:

ubi tu pulsas, ego vapulo tantum,

Juv. 3, 289:

ostium,

to knock, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 1, 7:

ostia,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 10; cf.

ostiatim,

Quint. 5, 10, 122:

fores,

Ov. M. 5, 448; so,

pulso alone: pulsate, et aperietur vobis,

Vulg. Matt. 7, 7:

humum ter pede,

to stamp upon the ground, Ov. F. 6, 330:

gyrum pulsat equis,

Prop. 4, 13, 11; cf.:

tellurem pede libero,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 1:

prata choreis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 381.—Of military engines:

ariete muros,

Verg. A. 12, 706:

ariete turres,

Sil. 16, 696:

moenia Romae,

id. 6, 643:

cuspide portas,

id. 12, 565:

pulsabant turrim ariete,

Amm. 20, 11, 21:

moenia Leptitana,

id. 28, 6, 15.—Of musical instruments:

chordas digitis et pectine eburno,

to strike, play upon, Verg. A. 6, 647:

chelyn,

Val. Fl. 1, 139:

pectine nervos,

Sil. 5, 463:

cymbala,

Juv. 9, 62.—Of things:

pulsant arva ligones,

Ov. Am. 3, 10, 31; id. M. 11, 529:

nervo pulsante sagittae,

Verg. G. 4, 313.—

Transf., to strike against, to strike, touch any thing ( poet.):

ipse arduus altaque pulsat Sidera,

Verg. A. 3, 619; 10, 216; Sil. 9, 450:

vasto qui vertice nubila pulsat,

Val. Fl. 4, 149.—Of abstract subjects:

ululatus pulsat aures,

Claud. B. Get. 625.—

Trop.

In gen., to urge or drive on, to impel, to set in violent motion, to move, agitate, disturb, disquiet:

dormientium animos,

Cic. Div. 2, 58, 120:

multa in unum locum confluunt, quae meum pectus pulsant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 3:

quae te vecordia pulsat,

Ov. M. 12, 228:

corda pavor pulsans,

Verg. G, 3, 105; cf.:

curru Phoebe medium pulsabat Olympum,

id. A. 10, 216:

variā meritos formidine pulsant,

Val. Fl. 3, 390:

urbes rumoribus,

to disturb, Petr. p. 679:

invidia pulsat pectus,

Sen. Agam. 134:

aliquem querelis,

Stat. Th. 8, 249; cf.: astra querelis, Claud. in Eutr. 2, prooem. §

51: superos vocibus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1671.—

In partic.

To attack before a tribunal, i. e. to arraign, accuse:

ex contractu ejus obligatus, pro quo pulsabatur,

Dig. 11, 1, 11:

non imponitur necessitas aliis pulsantibus respondere,

ib. 5, 1, 2 med. —

Transf., in gen., to accuse, defame:

pulsari crimine falso,

Claud. B. Gild. 170:

injusta Tartara,

to accuse, charge, Stat. S. 5, 5, 77:

apud principis aures existimationem viri fortis invidiā gravi pulsarent,

Amm. 18, 4, 4.—

To drive away, remove, put out of the way, Dig. 19, 2, 15, § 1:

pericula,

Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 465.—

To injure, insult:

pulsatos infecto foedere divos,

Verg. A. 12, 286:

pulsatae majestatis imperii reus,

of treason, Amm. 14, 7, 7.